Columbia Records history is rather circular in various countries.
It was founded in 1888, from what had been the American Graphophone Company. Prior to that, it was the Volta Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest brand name in pre-recorded music. It was the first record company to produce pre-recorded cylinders. In 1938, it was purchased by CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System, which was itself co-founded by Columbia Records.
In 1922, Columbia sold its UK subsidiary Columbia Graphophone. In 1925, Columbia Graphophone bought its former parent for $2.5 million. In 1926, it acquired Odeon Records and Parlophone. In 1931, Gramophone and Columbia Graphophone Company merged and became Electric and Musical Industries (EMI). American anti-trust laws forced EMI to sell its American Columbia operations to CBS in 1938.
English Columbia's product was licensed from CBS until 1951 when Philips Records took over British distribution. English Columbia continued to distribute CBS' Okeh and Epic product until 1968. CBS then distributed all their labels themselves in the UK as CBS Records, which resulted from CBS' purchase of Oriole Records in 1964.
Nippon Columbia was founded in 1910 as Nipponophone Co., Ltd. It was affiliated with UK Columbia Graphophone Co. In 1946, it became Nippon Columbia. Outside Japan in 2010, the company became known as Savoy Label Group, operating SLG, Savoy Jazz and Denon labels. Until 2001, it also made Denon electronics, which was then sold to Philips.